Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 13(3):204–215īorhani M, McGregor AH, Bull AM (2013) An alternative technical marker set for the pelvis is more repeatable than the standard pelvic marker set. J Biomech 23(6):617–621īenedetti MG, Catani F, Leardini A, Pignotti E, Giannini S (1998) Data management in gait analysis for clinical applications. īell AL, Pedersen DR, Brand RA (1990) A comparison of the accuracy of several hip center location prediction methods. Īssi A, Sauret C, Massaad A, Bakouny Z, Pillet H, Skalli W, Ghanem I (2016) Validation of hip joint center localization methods during gait analysis using 3D EOS imaging in typically developing and cerebral palsy children. J Biomech 34(3):355–361Īsano T, Akagi M, Nakamura T (2005) The functional flexion-extension axis of the knee corresponds to the surgical epicondylar axis: in vivo analysis using a biplanar image-matching technique. KeywordsĪlexander EJ, Andriacchi TP (2001) Correcting for deformation in skin-based marker systems. In addition, knowledge about sources of errors should be known before the approach is applied in practice. The highest reliability indices occurred in the hip and knee in the sagittal plane, with lowest reliability and highest errors for hip and knee rotation in the transverse plane. To allow a practical interpretation of a comparison of approaches, differences and the measurement error should be quantified in the unit of interest (i.e., degree or percent). When the intersubject variability of control data becomes greater than the expected change due to pathology, the clinical usefulness of the data becomes doubtful. The accuracy of determining skeletal kinematics is limited by ambiguity in landmark identification and soft-tissue artifacts.
In the functional approach, joint centers are determined via optimization of marker movement. The prediction approach uses anatomical assumptions and anthropometric reference data to define the locations of joint centers/axes relative to specific anatomical landmarks. Besides the different marker sets, two main approaches can be used to quantify marker-based joint angles: a prediction approach based on regression equations and a functional approach. This chapter provides an overview of common terms, different marker sets, underlying anatomical models, as well as a fundamental understanding of measurement techniques commonly used in clinical gait analysis and the consideration of possible errors associated with these different techniques. A variety of different approaches is used in 3D clinical gait analysis.
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